Scramble for Africa

Explanation for imperialism

1 Economic forces

  • ==Hobson== suggested the shrinking of markets and surplus of capital in need of markets.
  • ==Lenin== adapted his idea: Imperialism was “a direct continuation of the fundamental properties of capitalism in general”.

2 Social forces

  • The prevailing of ==Social Darwinism==, developed by ==Herbert Spencer==.
  • ==Racial hierarchy== and ==Race Theory==

3 Strategic and military forces

The need to keep ahead of rivals in the drive to secure empire. For example, Britain.

4 Individuals

They did this through independent actions on the ground, making deals with local rulers and by refusing or “misinterpreting” orders from their governments.

examples: Frenchman Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, the GermanKarl Peters, Welshman Henry Morton Stanley or military men such as Charles”Chinese” Gordon

What enables them: technology (medical advancement)

%% ### Timeline: (Full version on next section) 1. The Berlin Conference,1884-85 - recognize Belgium’s pre-eminent position in the Congo basin. - the area is 80 times the size of Belgium - 2.

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Minor Details:

  • Henry Morton Stanley negotiated treaties with local chiefs, getting them to sign away tracts of land(with a signature of an “X”, as many of them could not read or write) 1878